MOUNT BATUR

Another heavy eruption took place around 10,500 BC, at the time of the last shift of the earth poles and formed a smaller, secondary crater with a diameter of ca. 7,5 km in the southeastern part of the larger caldera, nowadays marked by the Bali Aga villages of Songan and the popular panoramic viewpoint of Penelokan, with the current volcanic cone in its center. Mount Batur caldera therefore actually consists of a gigantic, double elliptic crater with a total diameter of 10 x 13 km.

Contrary to for example the volcanoes of Hawaii, where the magma flows freely and accumulate gradually as spreading lava sheets, Indonesian magma move far less readily. On reaching the surface, these slow moving magma have enough time to cool and will periodically block release of the pent up forces beneath. As the magma gets trapped this way, great reservoirs of liquid magma accumulate within the volcano, building up pressure until the earth can no longer contain it.

Without warning the top of the volcano gives way and the contained magma bursts forth with unimaginable violence. With the passage of time the volcano, its core now emptied, slowly collapses back within itself to form a giant sunken crater or caldera. Eventually, as fresh magma reaches the surface, new volcanic vents may appear within the caldera, slowly occluding it as discharged ash and lava gradually continue to accumulate.

Mount Batur as we know it today was formed by an eruption in 1917, it is a still active, secondary volcanic cone sporting numerous subsidiary vents around its flanks. Measured from the floor of the crater it rises within the circling embrace of the caldera to a height of ca. 700 meter (1,717 meter / 5,633 feet above sea level). The eruptions of Mount Batur have been registered since 1804 and since that time 22 eruptions of the volcano have occurred.

Since 1917 Mount Batur erupted three more times (1926, 1974, 1994), on each occasion shifting a little more to the west, creating new sub craters that are referred to as Batur I, II and III respectively. As it grows through frequent minor (and occasionally not so minor!) eruptions it gradually enlarges its base at the expense of the lake, which is slowly shrinking in consequence.

With an altitude of 1,746 m Mount Penulisan forms the second highest point of the caldera rim here one can find the mysterious Pura Tegeh Koripan, the highest and probably also the oldest temple of Bali. Located secluded in an isolated area along the eastern shore of lake Batur, at the foot of Mount Abang which is with an altitude of 2,152 meter (7,467 feet) the highest point of the caldera rim, one can find the Bali Aga village of Trunyan.

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